"kinetics"
One of the most useful applications of kinetics is
the ability to use reaction rates to figure out
the reaction mechanism. The reaction mechanism
describes the sequence of elementary steps that
occur to go from reactants to products.
Arrhenius equation
The Arrhenius equation is k = Ae^(-Ea/RT) , where
A is the frequency or pre-exponential factor and
e^(-Ea/RT)is the fraction of collisions that have
enough energy to react (i.e., have energy greater
than or equal to the activation energy Ea)at
temperature T.
Arrhenius equation
Description In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation
is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates.
Formula
k=Ae^{{\frac{-E_{a}}{RT}}}
k=rate constant
A=pre-exponential factor
E_{a}=activation energy (in the same units as R*T)
R=universal gas constant
T=absolute temperature (in Kelvin)
From Reactants to Products
All chemical reactions—including a candle burning
involve reactants and products. Reactants are substances
that start a chemical reaction. Products are substances
that are produced in the reaction.
Exothermic reaction
An exothermic reaction is
a chemical reaction that releases
energy through light or heat. It is the opposite
of an endothermic reaction.
Expressed in a chemical equation:
reactants → products + energy.
Endothermic reaction
Heat is absorbed.
Photosynthesis: Plants absorb heat energy
from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide
and water into glucose and oxygen.
In any chemical reaction, chemical bonds are
either broken or formed. And the rule of thumb
is "When chemical bonds are formed, heat is
released, and when chemical bonds are broken
heat is absorbed." Molecules inherently want to
stay together, so formation of chemical bonds
between molecules requires less energy as
compared to breaking bonds between molecules
which requires more energy and results in
heat being absorbed from the surroundings.
enthalpy
Enthalpy of a reaction is defined as the heat energy change
(ΔHΔHΔ, H)that takes place when reactants go to products.
If heat is absorbed during the reaction, ΔHΔHΔ, H is positive
if heat is released, then ΔHΔHΔ, H is negative.
\redD{\text{ΔH value negative - > energy released - > exothermic
reaction}}ΔH value negative -> energy released -> exothermic
reactionstart color #e84d39, start text, Δ, H, space, v, a, l, u, e
space, n, e, g, a, t, i, v, e, space, - , >, space, e, n, e, r, g, y
space, r, e, l, e, a, s, e, d, space, - , >, space, e, x, o, t, h, e
r, m, i, c, space, r, e, a, c, t, i, o, n, end text, end color #e84d39
\redD{\text{ΔH value positive - > energy absorbed - > endothermic
reaction}}ΔH value positive -> energy absorbed -> endothermic
reactionstart color #e84d39, start text, Δ, H, space, v, a, l, u, e
space, p, o, s, i, t, i, v, e, space, - , >, space, e, n, e, r, g
y, space, a, b, s, o, r, b, e, d, space, - , >, space, e, n, d, o, t
h, e, r, m, i, c, space, r, e, a, c, t, i, o, n, end text, end color
#e84d39
∆H = ∑ ∆H \text{(bonds broken in reactants) } - ∑∆H \text{(bonds made
in products) }∆H=∑∆H(bonds broken in reactants) −∑∆H(bonds made in
products) ∆, H, equals, sum, ∆, H, start text, left parenthesis, b, o
n, d, s, space, b, r, o, k, e, n, space, i, n, space, r, e, a, c, t
a n, t, s, right parenthesis, end text, minus, sum, ∆, H, start text
left parenthesis, b, o, n, d, s, space, m, a, d, e, space, i, n
space, p, r, o, d, u, c, t, s, right parenthesis, end text
Let's understand this through an example. We can calculate
the enthalpy change (ΔHΔHΔ, H)for the following reaction:
H2(g)+ F2(g)= 2HFH2(g) +F2(g) =2HFH,2, left parenthesis, g
right parenthesis, plus, F,2, left parenthesis, g, right
parenthesis, equals,2, H, F
We know that the bond energy—in kilojoules or kJ—for H2H2H,2,
F2F2F,2, and HFHFH, F are 436436436,158158158 and 568568568
kJ/mole respectively.
Let's first figure out what's happening in this particular
reaction. Looking at the chemical reaction, it's clear that
one mole of H-HH−HH, minus, H and one mole of F-FF−FF, minus
F bonds are being broken to generate two moles of H-FH−FH
minus, F bonds. Breaking of bonds requires absorption of
energy, while formation of bonds releases energy.
To break one mole of H2H2H,2, energy absorbed is 436436436 kJ.
To break one mole of F2F2F,2, energy absorbed is 158 kJ.
To form two moles of HFHFH, F, energy released is 2 X (568)kJ.
So applying the equation
∆H = ∑ ∆H_{(bonds broken in reactants) } - ∑∆H _{(bonds made in
products) }∆H=∑∆H
(bondsbrokeninreactants)
−∑∆H
(bondsmadeinproducts)
∆, H, equals, sum, ∆, H, start subscript, left parenthesis, b, o, n
d, s, b, r, o, k, e, n, i, n, r, e, a, c, t, a, n, t, s, right
parenthesis, end subscript, minus, sum, ∆, H, start subscript, left
parenthesis, b, o, n, d, s, m, a, d, e, i, n, p, r, o, d, u,
c, t, s, right parenthesis, end subscript
ΔH_{reaction} = (436 + 158)- (2 X 568)= -542 kJΔH
reaction
=(436+158) -(2X568) =−542kJΔ, H, start subscript, r, e, a, c, t, i, o
n, end subscript, equals, left parenthesis,436, plus,158, right
parenthesis, -, left parenthesis,2, X,568, right parenthesis, equals
minus,542, k, J
The overall enthalpy of the reaction is negative, i.e., it's an
exothermic reaction where energy is released in the form of heat.
Redd
Yet to be the sexiest
prettiest, most beautiful
women you'll ever lay
eyes upon. Her eyes! Her lips!
she'll leave you dazed off
♥ aka: Juju
Guy - So is there a girl you like?
Me - Yess of course, I'm in love with Redd!
#girl#beautiful#redd#sexy#pretty
yess
To *enthusiastically* agree with something that
was said. Makes more sense in texting or
chatting conversations because it uses two "S"s
as opposed to "yes" which uses only one "S."
A simple "yes" can sometimes be taken as a
stock response from someone who is not
actually, interested in the conversation.
Brandon: I contend that country music
brainwashes our youth. Beth: Yess!
I enthusiastically affirm this statement.
#yes#yesss#affirmative#concur#no
Okay
herein "WE"
on the "GO" again
from the above the question
gathered from the ‘former' or ‘latter'
‘lather or gel'?
I, carry my ‘straight edge' for relieving
those furry triangles of that fur… read me?
I, do not do the wax, or the dew, or curliest
pubes stuck in my remaining fangs!
Dang! Dem! Thangs! Exposed as
a ‘puddy lapper' every time I
smile! Good Advertising!
I, suppose, assume…
Knowledgably consume?
"MY FILL OF" multi-vitamins
mucho-a lot-of-ummmmmm'!
An Ohs and Uuus and Ahsssss!
And of course, … While you are kneeling
looking at your face in that full length, floor
to ceiling; dressing mirror in my ‘bedding room'
gently quivering and slowly grinding your fine tight
firm yet tender nether regions into my face! And IAM
getting bussssssssy… ‘tongue in' as ‘they say' tickling
and teasing and lapping and pleasing your tenderness and
that opening and squeezing pair of twitching wholes
what and such booty full globes ummmmm! What?
More? Do that again? Tongue in? And out? and
in and out, and in, in, in, in, in, in, in… and out?
Got you shouting out for whom? Your Daddy!
Got you cumming on my tongue! Pushing out
your soul to feed this old junk yard dogg some
of your juicy? Loads of your juicy! My nose in
your privacy! Hope all the technology is offed!
Or this goes Viral!
This poem has not been translated into any other language yet.
I would like to translate this poem